Blog Post #8 - A Matter Of Selection

          Through the past couple of months of our class growing the Brassica Oleracea plants, there have been many different variations and changes that the plant have gone through. I would have to say that the characteristic that has the most change is the color and shape of our classes leaves of the plants. Common aspects of the Brassica Oleracea online and seeing pictures have been the normal green with white stems but as I have seen from our classes plants is that most of the plants have different colors to the leaves and the stems. As you can see in the first picture below the color of the stem is clearly green but as you look at the second picture the stems look more red/pink. Also, as you can see in the first picture, the leaves look way more smooth and they also look thick. In the second picture, the leaves look to have ridged edges and they look more thin than the other plant in picture one. The length of the leaves is also very different so you may be able to see. In the first picture I measured the leaves to be about 12 inches for each leaf. In the second picture I measured the leaves to all be about 6 inches for each leaf. The comparison between the plant in picture one and the plant in picture two is that the first plant has thicker, greener, and longer leaves while the second plant has thinner, less green, and shorter plants. Other than these two pictures, many of the other plants have many different lengths, colors, and shape.


          Our class garden has a lot of variation because of something called traits. Traits are the different characteristics that any living thing has. An example of traits is simple humans. Humans are all the same species but we do not all look exactly alike because of traits that we inherent from our parents that make us look different from everyone else. Traits are a result that come from genes. Genes are a form of heredity that is transferred to us from our parents. Genes are the reason why we usually look like both of our parents because we inherit some traits from our parents. As an example we could have the same eyes as our dad and the same nose as our mom. Traits are genes that create the genotype which is also code for phenotype which is the physical appearance of any living organism. When in biology, the genotypes and phenotypes of plants can be described by the term natural variation. Natural variation can connect to the terms artificial selection and selective breeding. Brassica Oleracea contains plants like cabbage, Brussels Sprouts, etc. In the cooking world, people growing these plants want the most out of their harvest for the season. More often than not, farmers try to find the best traits for each of the plants and try to find a way to modify the plants so that they have the "correct" traits. In the sentence before is exactly what artificial selection and selective breeding mean. To some it up, they basically mean for people, most specifically farmers, to change the traits of plants so that they are all the same and so the none are too different or different in general. In terms of variation, the last topic I want to talk about is mutations. Most plants get the genes of their parents which is decent with modification. Sometimes there are mistakes when the DNA is passed which leads to mutations which are changes to the structure of a gene. This leads to organisms having special traits. An example of a mutation is a cow with an extra leg. There are some types of mutations that can actually be harmful to the organism but that isn't very common.

          

          A very common trait in all the leaves of all the plants, despite how big the differences are, are the vein pattern. The common vein pattern is one big vein in the middle and a lot of small veins going towards that outside of the leaf. If you look closely in the pictures below, in the first and second picture you see the exact same vein pattern, despite one having more than the other, they still have the exact same pattern of one big vein down the middle and little veins going from the big vein to the outside of the leaf. I believe that the simplest thing to do to change the pattern is to use artificial selection. Artificial selection is mostly used to increase the size of foods in not only America but some other countries as well. These foods are GMO's, also known as, genetically modified organisms and is debated to cause bad diseases, such as cancer. The people who make GMO's just do it to get more money from making their foods bigger and they aren't aware of the serious consequences it can have. Organism usually get their genes from their parents but in this situations, their genes are modified to what the farmer wants. In conclusion, in about ten years, most likely, the vein pattern of Brassica Oleracea will be changed by artificial selection. 

Blog Post #8

All throughout are group's experiment with the Story of the Seed project our plant has acquired a lot of species of the Brassica oleracea since the last blog post. The plants have grown so much over the course of this project and starts to change and variate everyday. I think the plants have exhibited the most change and can be from 6cm to 17cm long, and not only that they have exhibited change and variation their color and size. Most of the leaves happen to be very sharp and scraggly and others are round. The leaves are very moist and have great color differentiation going from light green to dark green. The stems on the plants grew at an enormous rate since the last time we looked at them. But we could not get measurements on the plants due to thickness of the plants, but you can tell by looking at them they grew significantly. The collard plant we had, had a good sized diameter but was very stalky. Like the collard's the cabbage was very stalky, but for different reason to hold the weight of it. The kale was the tallest of the three and a very long skinny stem because it is a very lightweight plant. With both of the main focuses there were many differences in the stem and leaves.


Most of the different types of brassica are normally eaten by humans, artificial selection can be used to create specific phenotypes for Brassica. They can use this to make a bigger trait for the plant. Descent with modification comes from animals needing to adapt to a habitat. Selective breeding is pretty much the same thing but is created naturally and better suits plants. All of these traits are phenotypes. The phenotypes are coded in DNA by genes in their chromosomes. Phenotypes are obtained in a lot of ways. Examples, selective breeding, artificial selection, descent with modification, mutations, and adaptations. mutations don't sound good they sound harmful, but there actually very interesting. While all mutations happen to change the phenotype some do nothing but others do harm. Adaptations and descent with modification are connected in a certain way. Descent with modification is when an animal adapts and survives the natural selection and then is able to reproduce that organism or it can happen if either of the parents have a new trait.

One of the things plants have most in common is their colors. all of the plants are green. I don't believe plants have always been green since the beginning of their ancestors. The reason for that being the world has changed so the plants had to change and adapted. When the earth changes almost everything else has to change with it and adapt. While technology continues to advance and progress more and more greenhouse gases will continued to be used, which will change habitats and increase temperatures. Once Brassica had and was able to adapt to the new world they reproduced creating descent with modification and didn't die off of natural selection.


Farmers and breeders always wan to sell the biggest best plants. Of course all farmers want their plants to be appealing to get higher prices. Farmers don't usually get to choose where they farm, although we have plant modification they can grow corn even in a drought or "dry spot." Very popular spots to bugs are grapes in the dry areas or soy beans. To make these plants appealing and perfect plant breeding is very effective but even more so, genetically modifying them. To make the seed and get the best trait they want, they take a gene from the plants seed and put a copy to it, in the DNA of plant cells. After that the farmer grows the plant and lets it mature until its ready to produce seeds for the farmer. Finally, the government inspects the seeds and approves them and then they can be sold on the market.

Matter of Selection

Through this Story of The Seed experiment the garden has accumulated many species of Brassica
oleracea.  These plants grow more and more each day, with that comes more and more variation each day. These plants may be related but have many differences.  The trait that exhibited the most variation was the leaves. The leaves could be anywhere from 7 cm all the way to 17 cm. The leaves aren't just different in size but also in shape and color.  From the pictures you can see how different these leaves are in shape. Some are round as basketballs and others are jagged like swords. The colors are also very different as you can see by how some of the leaves are dark green and light green, with some having hints of purple.  The quality that showed the greatest range of difference was the size of the the stems. Due to the stems being too hard to reach or too long I couldn't get measurements, but the pictures show an obvious difference in size. For example the cabbage plant has a very short and stocky stem to hold all the weight, the collard green's stem had a medium diameter but was pretty short, and the kale had a very tall stem and was a relatively skinny.  With the leaves there were many variations, with the stems there is one common difference which is height.

	Plant 1	Plant 2	Our Plant	Plant 4
Leave Length	9.5 cm	7.5 cm	17 cm	9 cm
Leave Width	5 cm	1.5 cm	13 cm	6.5 cm
Stem Height	56 cm	45 cm	16 cm	50 cm
Stem Thickness	7 cm	5 cm	8 cm	6cm

Since most forms of Brassica are eaten by us humans, people used artificial selection to create specific phenotypes for the Brassica.  For example maybe they wanted to make larger cabbage so the used this to get that larger trait from the plant. Some of the different species could have needed to adapt to a certain habitat or area which created descent with modification.  Selective breeding is very similar but happens naturally in the wild and creates better fit plants. Lets take a step back here. All these traits we are talking about aren't just qualities the organism has, these traits are phenotypes. These phenotypes are coded in DNA by genes in the chromosomes.  Phenotypes can be obtained in many ways. For example, artificial selection, selective breeding, mutations, adaptation, or descent with modification. Mutations sound harmful, but aren't always. While all mutations alter the phenotype, some do it for good or don't harm it at all. The last thing I would like to share is descent with modification and adaptations.  These are connected in a way. First of all, an adaptation is a trait gained by an organism to make it more fit to the environment it lives in. Descent with modification is when an animal adapts and survives natrual selection and then reproduces and that organism has a new trait with out doing anything of the above. This also happens if either of the parents have the new trait.

This might sound silly or obvious but the thing the plants have in common is color.  They are all green. Well you probably could have guessed that, but there is a reason they are all green.  These plants possibly didn't start this exact color from the beginning of their ancestors. The reason for this is simple.  The world has changed so the plants had to change. The gradual change of the earth affects almost everything. As technology advances the more and more greenhouse gases are used this increases temperature and this changes habitats, which maybe could have altered the color if the habitats of the Brassica was affected.  Once the Brassica adapted to the "new" world they didn't die off from natural selection and reproduced creating descent with modification.

Breeders or farmers want to sell bigger and better plants. Most want their plants to look better too so they're more appealing.   Farmers don't get to live where they want, but with plant modification they can grow corn in drought areas, soy beans in a highly bug populated area, or even grapes in the dessert.  They way they can reach these "perfect" plants is to do plant breeding or a more effective was is genetically modifying the seeds. To modify a seed and get the trait desired they find something that has the trait they want, then they take that gene and put a copy into the DNA of host plant cells.  Then that plant is grown and matured and produces seeds. Then those seeds have to be approved by the government and then finally can be sold.

A Matter of Selection(Blog post #8)

         Throughout the Story of the seed the garden has experienced many changes and has accumulated many species of Brassica oleracea.  The plants have been growing very well from the start and they continue to even to the day.  The plants are related but they sure do have many differences.  The reason they are growing is because of variation.  The Leaves showed the most variation.  The leaves size ranged all the way from 7cm to 17cm.  The leaves don't just differ in size but also in shape and color.  In the pictures below, you can see how different the leaves shapes are from each other.  Some leaves are round and some are super jagged.  The colors ranged from dark green to light green to even some leaves with hints of purple in it.  The stems were very much different, the size between them was night and day.  In the pictures below, it shows the cabbage plant has a very short wide stem which held all the weight.  The collard greens stem was pretty short with a fairly medium/ average diameter.  Also, the Kale had a very tall stem, however, it was super skinny.  There were many variations between the Brassica oleraceas, with the common difference of height.
          Most forms of brassica oleracea are eaten by humans, so people used artificial selection to create certain phenotypes for the brassicas.  For example, maybe some people wanted to make some cabbage or another plant, so they used a strategy to get the larger trait from the plant.  Some different species possibly could have needed to adapt to a specific habitat or area which created descent with modification.  Selective breeding is very close but it happens naturally in nature and therefore creates better fit plants.  Every single trait that is being mentioned isn't just a quality that the organism has, but rather is part of the phenotypes.  The phenotypes are coded in the DNA by the genes in the chromosomes.  The phenotypes can be aquired in many ways.  For example: Mutations, selective breeding, artificial selection, adaptation, or even descent with modification.  You may think of mutations as harmful, but not all are harmful.  While all mutations change the phenotype, some do it for good and some don't harm at all.  An adaptation is a trait gained by a human/organism that makes them more fit for the specific environment that they live in.  Descent with modification is when an animal adapts and survives through natural selection and then reproduces and that organism has a brand new trait without doing any of the things listed above.  This can also happen if either of the parents have the new trait.
         The plants have at least one thing in common, the leaf color,  they are had some coloration of  green in it. They all had some green because all the brassica has green chloroplasts inside of the leaves.  When light shines on the leaves, it reflects green light, which makes us see the green.  This is because of the chlorophyll found in the thylakoid mebranes of the chloroplast.  This is why most plants are green and how we see them.


 
       Farmers and breeders will always want to sell bigger and better plants in order to make more money.  Most want their products to look as nice as they possibly can, appereance is everything.   By using plant modification, farmers can plant soy beans in an area with a lot of bugs, or even grapes in the dessert.  This way they can make the plants practically "perfect", by plant breeding or genetically modifying the seeds and to extract the desired trait.  To modify the seed the breeders take the gene and put a copy into the DNA of host plant cells.  Then when the plant is grown and mature it produces seeds.  Then the government can approve of the seeds and then they can be sold.

Story of the seed 7

In order for a plant to reproduce it must go through fertilization. The main thing in fertilization is pollen, which is brought to a flower either from a bee or the wind. The place in which the pollen starts out at is the anther. The pollen is then transferred to the stigma, part of the pistil, which is the part of the flower that receives pollen Only certain flowers such as the brassica oleracea has both male and female parts. In the stigma there is a tube that leads right down to the ovary(which has the ovules(eggs). Only the ovule and pollen can combine to create seeds.

This is the flower that I dissected, It is a Brassica oleracea .













This image shows a 360 view of all the anthers around the stigma.  The anther basically produces pollen and generates it. Surrounded by the anthers is the stigma which germinates whatever comes from the anther.

This images shows the ovary and the ovules coming out.  Also everything has been removed.

Blog post #7

This picture shows the anthers all around the stigma on this flower. The anther is piece of the stamen that generates and produces pollen. Surrounded by anthers is the stigma, which germinates that comes from the anthers. The stigma is a part of the female reproductive organ.

This image shows the stamen. The stamen is also the pollen reproducing organ, it has 2 parts to it, the stalk and anthers.

In this image you can see the female anatomy also known as Carpel. Carpel is a seed bearing leaf like structure that makes up the pistil.

This flower is the end result the ovary and ovules coming out and everything having been removed.





From this dissection I learned how plants fertilize themselves . Self pollination is the first step in the process, but isn't too common, but plants that aren't able to obtain themselves they get fertilized from wind and animals. An example, a bee will come to a flower and leaves it pollen on the flower. So when the bee moves the plant will be able to pollinate itself. Finally, the pollen is able to reach the ovaries it will form a zygote and then create its own seed.

"How does your garden grow" Blog Post #6: Ethan Short

Today I have noticed how big our have grown. When we started this project in the beginning of the year and it was a tiny seed, now it is a fully grown and healthy plant. When I went outside to check out plant, I noticed that there was some biomass around the plants. I saw that there was a lot of sunlight, cause we live in California, and then I thought that photosynthesis obviously helped our plant to grow to the size that it is now. The sun created a sugar in our plants that helped to also grow bigger. I find it very interesting how photosynthesis and cellular respiration help each other. During photosynthesis, the plant needs carbon dioxide and water, both of which are released into the air during cellular respiration. During respiration, the plant needs oxygen and glucose, which are both produced through photosynthesis. In the stroma of a chloroplast, the plant cell structure responsible for photosynthesis, is the enzyme rubisco, which makes up half of the soluble protein of most leaves. A cell makes enzymes through protein synthesis. Protein synthesis can me made by transcription and translation. During transcription, the DNA of a gene serves as a template for complementary base-pairing, and an enzyme called RNA polymerase II catalyzes the formation of a pre mRNA molecule, which is then processed to form mature mRNA. The resulting mRNA is a single stranded copy of the gene, which next must be translated into a protein molecule. During translation, which is the second major step in gene expression, the mRNA is "red" according to the genetic code, which relates the DNA sequence to the amino acid sequence in proteins. Each group of three bases in mRNA constitutes a codon, and each codon specifies a particular amino acid. The mRNA sequence is then used as a template to assemble in order the chain of amino acids that form a protein.

Blog Post #7-Ethan Short

           Pollination and subsequent fertilization of the ovules in the plants such as Brassica Oleracea  are big processes in producing a viable seed. Pollination, the movement of pollen from the anthers to the stigma, is essential for seed set and is a big part in seed production. Important information for any seed grower is to know is whether the seed crop species that they are producing is predominately self-pollinated or cross-pollinated. Self–pollinated plants have come to have perfect flowers that remain closed throughout the pollination process. These perfect flowers have anthers which are close to the stigma allowing easy transfer of pollen to the stigmatic surface. This short journey for pollen to move from anther to stigma of the same flower often requires some external movement like wind to stimulate good pollen coverage of the stigma. Any grower producing a tomato crop in the greenhouse knows that the plants need a physical shaking or stiff air flow in order to achieve successful pollination and subsequent plant set on their crop. Cross-pollinated species require genetic mixing between individuals of a population in order to remain genetically sound. All cross-pollinated crop species rely on either wind or insects for pollen movement. All cross-pollinated crop species have flowers that open before pollen shed and receptivity. It is important that all of these species have adequate pollen availability during the flowering period. The next step in this process leads to the fertilization of the ovules which become the seeds. After the pollen lands on the stigma, the receptive tip of the female parts of the flower, it must germinate and form a pollen tube which grows down through the style to reach the ovary. Each pollen tube that successfully reaches the ovary delivers one male gamete to fertilize an egg cell and one to fertilize in a single ovule resulting in the formation of one seed. This fertilization event requires good environmental conditions and for fruit with multiple ovules a number of independent fertilization events must occur to insure good seed set. In most seed crops this growth and maturation of seed occurs in 40 to 60 days.

This plant is a Brassica Sp before our dissected the plants. Once these plants are fully fertilized, they usually turn into plants such as vegetables, cabbages, and mustard plants.

This is a picture of the ovule. Is the part of the flower that turns into a seed. The ovule turns into a seed after the process of fertilization occurs in the flower/plant.

In this picture, I am showing you the stamen. The stamen is the male reproductive system of a plant/flower. This part contains the anthers and the filaments. The purpose of the stamen is to protect and cover up the pollen so that it does not get blown away.

This is a picture of the pistil. The pistil is made up of the stigma, style, ovary, and ovule. The pistil is the female reproductive system of the plant/flower. This part helps to reproduce the plant over and over again.

In this picture, I am showing you the stigma. The stigma is the receptor of pollen that sticks to the top of the stigma. This part of the flower sits on top of the carpel. Together, the stigma and the carpel make the pistil.

In this picture, I am showing you what the anthers look like. The anthers are used to produce and bear the pollen of the flower. The anthers sit on top of the filament which when both are put together they are called the Stamen.

Blog post 7

Here is our flower before even dissecting.

This image shows the anthers around the stigma on the flower.  The anther is a part of the stamen that produces pollen.  The stigma, which is surrounded by anthers, germinates the pollen that comes from the anthers.  The stigma is also a part of the female reproductive organ of the plant.



This picture shows the stamen. The stamen is the pollen producing reproductive organ, it has 2 parts, the anthers and the stalk.  When undergoing meiosis it produces pollen.





















In this picture you can see the female anatomy known as the Carpel.  The Carpel is the seed bearing leaf like structure that make up the pistil.


This is the flower with everything removed and the ovary opened and the ovules coming out.



From all this I eventually learned how plants fertilize.  First off there is something called self pollination which isn't super common, but for plants that can't obtain pollen themselves they get it from animals or wind.  For example, a bee will come over to a flower and as it leaves it has pollen on it, so when it moves to the next flower it will have pollen on it and it may be pollinated. Once the pollen reaches the ovaries it will from a zygote and then create a seed.

Blog post 6 Jack

        Since our last blog post our plant has gotten a lot bigger and gained biomass. This happens by having its cells divide through mitosis, but it has to collect sugar for energy and use it. For the plant to perform photosynthesis it has to collect sugar which then converts Co2 and water into o2 and sugar. It then is able to move the sugars to cells to cells that don't have sugar so all cells in the plant can grow and perform mitosis.


For the plant to perform photosynthesis plant cells need enzymes phosphoenolpyruate carboxylase and ribulose 1.5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, when the cell tells the nucleus to produce more of these enzymes it will have RNA synthase go to the part of the chromosome containing the gene coding for protein. It then goes to split the DNA down the middle so it can copy the information and make mRNA. It does through the process of complimenting base pairs. It then sends the mRNA to ribosomes to create protein. It then reads the genes in sets of three base pairs also known as codons which codes what amino acids are to be added to the polypeptide in the order that it's read. After a certain point one of the codons will tell the ribosome that the protein is complete so it will release it and the mRNA by then completes the process of the creation of the enzyme.

Blog Post 6 Elliot

Our plant has definitely gotten bigger since the last time we checked on it and it just doesn’t grow by magic.Multiple things are currently and have been happening.  All the cells go through mitosis. Mitosis is where the cell divides and almost makes an exact replica of itself
within a Eukaryotic organism. There are 5 cells in mitosis and the first stage is prophase. In prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes which are made up of sister chromatids joined at centromeres and centrioles, the bases will pull the chromatids apart, then isolate it to the opposite poles on the cells membrane.  Next, in prometaphase, the nuclear membrane dissolves and the microtubules extend from each centriole and grab the chromosomes' centromeres.  Then in metaphase, the chromosomes line up across the very center of the cell to form a metaphase plate.  In anaphase, the sister chromatids isolate and the microtubules pull a copy to each cellular pole. Finally, in telephase, all the chromatids reach their poles, and are encased in the nuclear membranes and then disperse back into the mass of chromatin.


After a cell goes through mitosis, it goes through photosynthesis.  Photosynthesis is the process that gives the plant food in order to live.  It happens when the sunlight hits the leaves on the plant.  This makes the chlorophyll active and activates electrons.  Water is split between the oxygen and hydrogen ions.  The electrons which are activated then go through an electron transport chain.  The hydrogen ions go to the thylakoid membrane in which generates a proton gradient.  ATP is then formed when ADP and P come together and the electrons going through the transport train combine with NADP+ to finally form NADPH( a high energy molecule.  After this either a light-independent or a dark reaction will happen. The reaction uses energy from the light reaction to convert carbon dixide into glucose, this is the Calvin cycle.

Finally cellular respiration is going to happen.  During cellular respiration a glucose molecule is slowly broken down into carbon dioxide and water.  During this process ATP is produced straight into the reactions that transform glucose.  More ATP is producing in a future process called oxidative phosphorylation. It's powered by electrons movement through the electron transport chain.





Enzymes have a big role in any organisms life. Plants use a lot of enzymes. They get them by using a process called protein synthesis. Protein synthesis happens in the ribosomes and the nucleus. Before this happens the cell has to create mRNA. The mRNA has a 3 letter sequence that has codons, which are codes for amino acids. Translation begins when the mRNA is sent to the ribosomes. Translation is where the ribosome turns each codon and creates the correct amino acid. There is a new protein which would be an enzyme if requested. This is how our plant would make enzymes.

Blog post 6: Nate

Obviously our plant has gotten substantially larger from the last time we looked at it.  It doesn't magically just put out more and more mass.  So what exactly does it do?  Well each of the cells go through mitosis.  Mitosis is where a cell divides and creates basically a replica of itself.  A cell first goes through interphase where the cell duplicates its organelles and copies its DNA.  DNA is a pretty important thing in cells because it is the structure for their life.  The DNA is copied through a semi-conservative replication.  The process involves a couple enzymes and it occurs in the nucleus.  The helicase unwinds the double helix and the DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides and copies the DNA.  Why it is semi-conservative is one strand is copied backwards and the other one is copied normal.  This is the longest phase by far.  After interphase prophase happens.  Prophase consists of the chromosomes condensing and the nucleus disappearing.  Microtubles are also formed.  Next, metaphase begins.  In metaphase the chromosomes line up and prepare to be split.  Then, anaphasae occurs and the chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell.  Finally telophase takes place.  The chromosomes reach opposite walls and the cell begins to divide.  Cytokenisis finishes it off and there is 2 new cells.  Seems like a lot just for growth, but there are tons of cells constantly at work doing this and growing the plan or repairing it.  For example, our plant has lots of holes from bugs eating it away and the holes will slowly form again because mitosis is happening.  Also at the tips of the leaves the plant will be growing as well. 

How do the cells obtain the energy to do all this?  Well what they do is photosynthesis.  Photosynthesis allows cells to take sunlight and convert it into energy.  This all occurs in the chloroplasts of the cells.  Another way our plant was obtaining energy was through cellular respiration.  Cellular respiration is a processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP. and then releases waste products.  Respiration normally uses oxyegen and has 4 steps known as glycosis, link reaction, the krebs cycle, and electron transport train.  In glycosis the glucose in the cytoplasm is broken down into 2 molecules.  Next in the link reaction, pyruvate molecules are decarboxylated in the mitochondria. Pyruvate molecules are oxidized and converted to acetylcoenzyme A.  In the krebs cycle, which takes place in the mitochondria, consumes oxygen and produces Co2 and ATP.  The Co2 is released and the ATP is used in the cell.  Well, that's how our plant was growing all this time.

Enzymes are a crucial part of any living organism's life.  Plants use a vast amount of enzymes, but where do they get them?  If a cell is told a specific enzyme is needed, then it will begin protein synthesis, because enzymes are proteins.  Protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus and ribosomes.  Before anything happens the cell must create mRNA.  This is made during transcription when a copy of the DNA is created.  The mRNA has 3 letter sequences on it that are codons and they are codes for amino acids.  After the mRNA is made it is sent to the ribosomes to begin translation.  Translation is where the ribosome reads each codon using an anticodon and creates the correct amino acid.  Once it is complete you are left with a new protein which if was asked for would be an enzyme.